Psittacula krameri [Scopoli 1769]

Ring-necked Parakeet

Psittacula k. manillensis (Bechstein 1800)

Indian Ring-necked Parakeet

Green

Wild-type

Description

Body: General green; greyish tinge on breast.
Tail: Bluegreen with yellowish tip.
Head: Green, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with rose in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, black nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.

Darkgreen

Inheritance: Incomplete dominant.

Description

Body: General darkgreen; manifestation of Single Darkfactor in Green.
Tail: Dark bluegreen with yellowish tip.
Head: Darkgreen, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with darkrose in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, grey nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.

Note: Darkgreen has a single darkfactor; Olive has a double darkfactor. A Green bird with Violet is sometimes called Darkgreen, which is actually wrong. Darkgreen differs from a Violet Green in the amount of blue seen on the wings and tail.

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>

Olive

Inheritance: Incomplete dominant.

Description

Body: General olive; manifestation of Double Darkfactor in Green.
Tail: Dark bluegreen with yellowish tip.
Head: Olive, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with darkrose in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, grey nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.

Note: Darkgreen has a single darkfactor; Olive has a double darkfactor. The tail and flight feathers are olive with dark blue tinge which differs from the Greygreen. Greygreens have dark grey, almost black, tail and flight feathers.

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>

Greygreen

Inheritance: Complete dominant.

Description

Body: General greygreen; manifestation of Grey in the Green-series.
Tail: Dark grey with yellowish tip.
Head: Greygreen, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with rose in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, black nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.

Note: Sometimes greygreen is erroneously referred to as olive. Olive is actually used for double darkfactored birds in the green-series.

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>

Aqua Blue

Inheritance: Autosomal recessive with respect to the Wildtype and Dominant with respect to Blue and Turquoise

Description

Body: General turquoise blue wash.
Tail: Turquoise blue with whitish tip.
Head: Turquoise blue, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, black nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.

Note: Very rare.

Turquoise Blue

Inheritance: Autosomal recessive with respect to the Wildtype and Dominant with respect to Blue

Description

Body: General turquoise wash; wings show pale green tinge.
Tail: Blue with whitish tip.
Head: Turquoise, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, black nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.

Note: In some countries erroneously known as "Pastel".

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>

Turquoise Cobalt (Combination of Turquoise and Single Darkfactor)

Inheritance: Combination of Turquoise and the incomplete dominant Single Darkfactor; Turquoise is Dominant in Blue-series.

Description

Body: General turquoise with darkblue (cobalt); wings with green tinge; manifestation of Single Darkfactor in Turquoise.
Tail: Darkblue (cobalt) with whitish tip.
Head: Darkblue (cobalt) with turquoise, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, black nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>

Turquoise Grey (Combination of Turquoise and Grey)

Inheritance: Combination of Turquoise and dominant Grey; Turquoise is Dominant in Blue-series.

Description

Body: General turquoise with grey; wings with pale greygreen tinge.
Tail: Dark grey with whitish tip.
Head: Grey with turquoise, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with rose or white by male.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, black nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>

Blue

Inheritance: Autosomal recessive.

Description

Body: General blue; greyish tinge on breast.
Tail: Blue with whitish tip.
Head: Blue, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, black nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>

Cobalt (Combination of Blue and Single Darkfactor)

Inheritance: Combination of recessive Blue and the incomplete dominant Single Darkfactor.

Description

Body: General darkblue (cobalt) appearance; manifestation of Single Darkfactor in Blue.
Tail: Darkblue (cobalt) with whitish tip.
Head: Darkblue (cobalt), brighter around the beak; neck ring black with white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, grey nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.

Note: Cobalt has also been called European Cobalt. Cobalt has a single darkfactor; Mauve has a double darkfactor.

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>

Mauve (Combination of Blue and Double Darkfactor)

Inheritance: Combination of recessive Blue and the incomplete dominant Double Darkfactor.

Description

Body: General greyish blue (mauve) appearance; manifestation of Double Darkfactor in Blue.
Tail: Greyish blue (mauve) with whitish tip.
Head: Greyish blue (mauve), brighter around the beak; neck ring black with white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, grey nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.

Note: Cobalt has a single darkfactor; Mauve has a double darkfactor. The tail and flight feathers are mauve with dark blue tinge which differs from the Grey. Greys have dark grey, almost black, tail and flight feathers.

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>

Grey

Inheritance: Combination of recessive Blue and dominant Grey. Dominant in Blue-series.

Description

Body: General grey; manifestation as Grey only in the Blue series.
Tail: Dark grey with whitish tip.
Head: Grey, brighter around the beak; neck ring black and white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, black nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>

Violet Green

Inheritance: Incomplete dominant.

Description

Body: General darkgreen with violet tinge on wings and tail; manifestation of Single Violet factor in Green.
Tail: Violet green with yellowish tip.
Head: Darkgreen with violet tinge, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with darkrose in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, grey nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.

Note: Sometimes referred to as Darkgreen which is wrong. Violet Green is the basic manifestation of SF Violet. Violet combined with Blue will result in visual Violets (Violet Blue).

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>

Violet Turquoise (Combination of Turquoise and Single Violet factor)

Inheritance: Combination of Turquoise and the incomplete dominant Single Violet factor.

Description

Body: General darkblue with violet, nearly purple; manifestation of Single Violet factor in Blue.
Tail: Dark blue with violet nearly purple with whitish tip.
Head: Dark blue with violet nearly purple, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, grey nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>

Violet Blue (Combination of Blue and Single Violet factor)

Inheritance: Combination of recessive Blue and the incomplete dominant Single Violet factor.

Description

Body: General darkblue with violet, nearly purple; manifestation of Single Violet factor in Blue.
Tail: Dark blue with violet nearly purple with whitish tip.
Head: Dark blue with violet nearly purple, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, grey nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.

Note: Violet blue is erroneously known as American Cobalt. Violet Blue in combination with Cobalt will result in a deeper Violet color which will be a jewel for the eye.

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>

Violet (Combination of Blue and Double Violet factor)

Inheritance: Combination of recessive Blue and the incomplete dominant Double Violet factor.

Description

Body: General violet blue, nearly purple; manifestation of Double Violet factor in Blue.
Tail: Violet blue nearly purple with whitish tip.
Head: Violet blue nearly purple, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, grey nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.

Note: It is noteworthy that the first Double Factor Violet was bred by Mr. K. Benton from the USA.

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>
Series: Series of DF Violet. >>

Rec. Lutino

Inheritance: Autosomal recessive.

Description

Body: General yellow.
Tail: Yellow.
Head: Yellow, brighter around the beak; neck ring white with rose in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper and lower mandible; pink feet, light coloured nails.
Eyes: Red with yellowish iris.

Note: Rec. Lutino is rare. Also known as Non Sex-linked Lutino.

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>

SL Lutino

Inheritance: Sex-linked recessive.

Description

Body: General yellow.
Tail: Yellow.
Head: Yellow, brighter around the beak; neck ring white with rose in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper and lower mandible; pink feet, light coloured nails.
Eyes: Red with yellowish iris.

Note: Lutino is also erroneously known as "Yellow". There is no difference in the two types of Lutino except the inheritence.

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>

Aqua-ino (Combination of Aqua and Ino)

Inheritance: Combination of Aqua and sex-linked recessive Ino; Aqua is Dominant in Blue-series.

Description

Body: General pale yellow.
Tail: Pale yellow.
Head: White neck ring with white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper and lower mandible; pink feet, light coloured nails.
Eyes: Red with yellowish iris.

Turquoise-ino (Combination of Turquoise and Ino)

Inheritance: Combination of Turquoise and sex-linked recessive Ino; Turquoise is Dominant in Blue-series.

Description

Body: General white with pale yellow.
Tail: White.
Head: White neck ring sometimes visible with rose in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper and lower mandible; pink feet, light coloured nails.
Eyes: Red with yellowish iris.

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>

Albino (Combination of Blue and Ino)

Inheritance: Combination of recessive Blue and sex-linked recessive Ino.

Description

Body: General white.
Tail: White.
Head: White neck ring not visible, cocks often show a brownish stripe which occurres throughout the plumage.
Beak/Feet: Red upper and lower mandible; pink feet, light coloured nails.
Eyes: Red with yellowish iris.

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>

Cinnamon

Inheritance: Sex-linked recessive.

Description

Body: General lighter; washed with brownish tinge.
Tail: Lighter with brownish tinge and lighter tip.
Head: Body color, brighter around the beak; neck ring darkbrown with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, brownish lower mandible; pinkish feet, light coloured nails.
Eyes: Darkred with yellowish iris.

Note: Cinnamon is (very) often erroneously referred to as "Isabel". Cinnamon Grey is also known as "Silver".

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>
Series: Series of Cinnamon. >>

Dom. Edged

Inheritance: Incomplete dominant.

Description

Body: General duller appearance; greyish tinge on breast; edged pattern on the wing feathers.
Tail: Duller with edged dilution and lighter tip.
Head: Bodycolor, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, black nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.

Note: "Fallow" is an erroneous name for edged. Fallows inherit always recessive and have red eyes.
Inheritance seems to be co-dominant, but has been proven sex-linked dominant. Hens are always Single Factor and Cocks can be Single Factor and Double Factor. A Double Factor Cock has the feno-type of a Single Factor Hen.

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>
Series: Series of Dom. Edged. >>

Rec. Edged

Inheritance: Autosomal recessive.

Description

Body: General duller appearance; greyish tinge on breast; edged markings on the wings.
Tail: Duller with lighter tip.
Head: Bodycolor, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, black nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.

Note: Often called Opaline which is wrong.

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>
Series: Series of Rec.Edged. >>

"Grizzle"

Inheritance: Autosomal recessive.

Description

Body: General like wild-type; 'grizzle' markings on the wings, breast and abdomen.
Tail: 'Grizzle' markings with lighter tip.
Head: Bodycolor, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, black nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.

Note: More research is needed before defining a usefull name. Remarkable the Cocks loose their 'grizzle' markings after two years, when they become adult.

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>

Dilute

Inheritance: Autosomal recessive.

Description

Body: General lighter, nearly yellow or white.
Tail: Lighter, nearly yellow or white.
Head: Body color, brighter around the beak; neck ring darkgrey with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, darkred lower mandible; light grey feet, light grey nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.

Note: Also known as "Yellow black-eye" or "White black-eye" or erroneously as "Diffused".

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>
Series: Series of Dilute. >>

Opaline

Inheritance: Sex-linked recessive.

Description

Body: General lighter appearance; light markings on wing feathers.
Tail: Light with lighter tip.
Head: Darker than body color, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, grey nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.

Note: "Grey-headed" is the name which is erroneously used for the Opaline.

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>
Series: Series of Opaline. >>

Misty

Inheritance: Incomplete dominant.

Description

Body: General duller appearance; greyish tinge on breast; very pale wing feathers.
Tail: Very pale with lighter tip.
Head: Much lighter than Bodycolor, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, black lower mandible; grey feet, black nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.

Note: A remarkable mutation which still is rather unknown.

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>
Series: Series of Misty. >>

Pallid

Inheritance: Sex-linked recessive.

Description

Body: Looks somewhat like cinnamon however without the brownish tinge; visible wing markings.
Tail: As Cinnamon without the brownish tinge.
Head: Yellow or White, brighter around the beak; neck ring grey with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper and lower mandible; light feet, light nails.
Eyes: Darkred with yellowish iris.

Note: "Lacewing" is the outdated erroneous name for this mutation. A remarkable essentiality is, that Pallid behaves co-dominant towards Ino. In the past Pallids were mated to Lutinos to breed "Pallids". These "Pallids" are actually Pallid-inos formerly known as "Yellowheaded Cinnamons". These birds are much duller and lighter in appearance than the genuine Pallids and they lack the wing markings.

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>
Series: Series of Pallid. >>

Pallid-ino (Combination of Pallid and Ino)

Inheritance: Combination of sex-linked recessive Pallid and sex-linked recessive Ino.

Description

Body: As Lutino, but with green or blue tinge on the whole body except on the head.
Tail: As Lutino with green or blue tinge.
Head: Yellow or White, brighter around the beak; neck ring light grey with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper and lower mandible; pink feet, light coloured nails.
Eyes: Red with yellowish iris.

Note: The body color will become paler when Pallid-inos are paired to Lutinos again and again, till there is a minimum difference between a Lutino and Pallid-ino. Notice the lack of wing markings.

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>

Bronze Fallow

Inheritance: Autosomal recessive.

Description

Body: General lighter appearance; lighter wings.
Tail: Light with lighter tip.
Head: Yellowish with green tinge or whitish with blue tinge, brighter around the beak; neck ring black with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, darkred lower mandible; pink feet, light nails.
Eyes: Red with yellowish iris.

Note: Mr. Bastiaan formerly erroneously referred to this mutation as "Recessive Cinnamon". He is one of the few breeders who actually possesses these birds and breeds with them. However, it is very difficult to breed with this mutation.

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>
Series: Series of Bronze Fallow. >>

Clearhead Fallow

Inheritance: Autosomal recessive.

Description

Body: General lighter appearance; wings darker.
Tail: Light with lighter tip.
Head: Yellow or White, brighter around the beak; neck ring grey with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible, darkred lower mandible; pinkish feet, light nails.
Eyes: Red with translucent iris.

Note: "Buttercup" or the "Yellowheaded Red-eye" are the outdated names for this type of Fallow. Like the Bronze Fallow this type is also difficult to breed with.

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>
Series: Series of Clearhead Fallow. >>

Cleartail

Inheritance: Autosomal recessive.

Description

Body: General darker appearance; darker on wings; lower abdomen very pale.
Tail: Very pale, nearly yellow or white.
Head: Yellow or White, brighter around the beak; neck ring grey with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible and darkred lower mandible; light feet, light coloured nails.
Eyes: Very darkred with yellowish iris.

Note: Cleartail was formerly known as "Yellowhead-yellowtail" or "Whitehead-whitetail".

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>
Series: Series of Cleartail. >>

"Clear Flight"

Inheritance: (In)Complete dominant.

Description

Body: General lighter than wild-type; clear wings; random pied markings in a range of a few to a lot.
Tail: Clear with little pigmentation.
Head: Normal head colour, brighter around the beak; neck ring blueish grey with rose, yellow or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper mandible and lower mandible can be red or darkred; grey feet, grey nails.
Eyes: Dark with yellowish iris.

Note: It is known that this mutation has a dominant inheritance. More research is needed before defining a usefull name.

Dom. Pied

Inheritance: Dominant.

Description

Body: General like wild-type; random pied markings.
Tail: Pied with yellowish tip.
Head: Pied head; brighter around the beak; pied neck ring with rose or white in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper and lower mandible; pinkish feet, light nails.
Eyes: Black with yellowish iris.

Note: Note that not all pied types are hereditary. Many pied birds are modifications and not mutations.

Rec. Pied

Inheritance: Autosomal recessive.

Description

Body: General like wild-type, but darker; pied markings on head, wings and tail.
Tail: Pied.
Head: Pied head, brighter around the beak; neck ring not shown in cocks.
Beak/Feet: Red upper and lower mandible; light feet, light nails.
Eyes: Very darkred with translucent iris.

Note: In the past Mr. Bastiaan erroneously referred to this bird as "Opaline". Rec. Pied cocks don't get a ringneck.

Pairings: Some examples of pairings. >>
Series: Series of Rec.Pied. >>

Note: It is unknown whether these birds are mutations or modifications. Research should be done to determine the mutations from the modifications and to determine the inheritence.